There are a number of researchers who have developed theories on impulsivity.
Revelle argues that high and low impulsives differ in their circadian rhythms of arousal. In the morning, low impulsives have higher arousal levels than high impulsives, because low impulsives reach their peak level of arousal earlier. In the evening, high impulsives reach their peak level, and the low impulsives arousal level is lower than that of high impulsives.
Barratt proposes that low impulsives perform better on tasks that require subjects to maintain a certain rate of information processing. High impulsives are less efficient when carrying out such a task, because they experience more problems when maintaining a certain tempo.
Two influential researchers on the topic of impulsivity and arousal who are of concern for the present study are H.J. Eysenck and S.J. Dickman.
Eysenck grounds his ideas on impulsivity and arousal on the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain. The ARAS is thought to control cortical arousal. According to Eysenck, the ARAS of introverts, or low impulsives, lets in too much stimulation. As a consequence, low impulsives have higher resting levels of cortical arousal, and engage in introverted or non-impulsive behaviors. Extraverts, or high impulsives, on the other hand, get only little stimulation from their ARAS and therefore their resting levels of arousal are low. They then engage in extraverted or impulsive behaviors to increase their level of arousal. (personality psychology, 74, Dickman)
Dickman says in his attentional theory of impulsivity that the attention of low impulsives has a tendency to remain fixed when it is directed at a particular source of information. The attention of high impulsives, however, is easily shifted. From this theory follows that high impulsives will be superior on tasks that especially require shifting of attention, and low impulsives perform better on tasks in which the focusing of attention is most important. (Dickman)
A combination of these two theories leads us to believe that because low impulsives have higher arousal levels, they are more focussed on a task, and therefore have more problems with shifting their attention.
Based on this supposition, we propose the next research question: do low impulsives have more problems with shifting their attention than do high impulsives, and what is the influence of arousal on this attention shifting?
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